Journal of Agriculture and Livestock Farming

Phytoremediation

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The accumulation of heavy metals in soil has significantly increased due to various natural processes and human industrial activities. Being non-biodegradable, heavy metals persist in the environment, have the potential to enter the food chain through crop plants, and eventually may accumulate in the human body through biomagnification. For its toxic nature, heavy metal contamination has posed a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, remediation of land contamination is of crucial importance. To address pollution caused by heavy metals, organic substances, and excess nutrients, Phytoremediation, a natural and economical method is induced to eliminate, breakdown. Or manage soil, water, and air pollutants. Compared to traditional redemption techniques, like chemical treatments and soil digging, phytoremediation offers a more sustainable alternative because it preserves soil fertility, lowers soil erosion, and minimizes costs. Nevertheless, its efficiency is dependent on factors like the choice of plant species, the type of contaminant, and the surrounding environmental conditions.

Different methods and techniques of phytoremediation are employed based on the type of contamination and the characteristics of the site. Phytoextraction occurs when plants take in heavy metals through their roots, which are then stored in their shoots and collected for safe disposal. Phytostabilization helps to contain contaminants by trapping them within the root system of plants, thereby limiting their movement through air and water. Rhizofiltration is applied to purify contaminated water, as the roots of plants absorb and filter out pollutants. Phytodegradation and Phytovolatilization entail the breakdown or conversion of toxic compounds into less harmful forms, with some pollutants being safely released into the atmosphere.

Phytoremediation not only addresses pollution but also enhances soil health, encourages biodiversity, and facilitates carbon sequestration by nurturing plant development. Furthermore, it can be utilized in both rural and urban environments, making it a viable option for land restoration and ecological recovery. Numerous fast-growing species with deep root systems, such as poplars, sunflowers, and mustard, have demonstrated success in phytoremediation projects. Although this approach requires time for complete remediation, ongoing studies are focused on improving plant performance through genetic advancements and refined planting strategies. By choosing appropriate plant species and implementing suitable management techniques, phytoremediation can act as a sustainable and effective solution for environmental restoration.