Journal of Agriculture and Livestock Farming

ABSTRACT

Conventional plastic packaging, derived from petrochemical sources, has long supported global food preservation and logistics but poses severe environmental risks due to its persistence and contribution to microplastic pollution. As the packaging industry accounts for nearly 40% of global plastic use, there is a growing demand for sustainable alternatives that can reduce ecological harm without compromising performance. Biodegradable biomaterials such as starch, cellulose, chitosan, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and protein-based polymers have emerged as viable candidates for replacing synthetic plastics in various packaging applications. These materials demonstrate favorable biodegradability, safety for food contact, and the capacity for enhancement through composite formulations with natural fibers, nanomaterials, or bioactive compounds. Applications span from food and medical packaging to e-commerce and edible films, with several systems offering functional benefits such as antimicrobial activity and improved barrier properties. Regulatory frameworks like EN 13432 and ASTM D6400, along with certification schemes including OK Compost and BPI, are critical in validating material claims and enabling market adoption. However, limitations persist, including high production costs, poor moisture resistance, limited mechanical durability, and the need for industrial composting infrastructure not widely available. Confusion over disposal and lack of consumer awareness further undermines the environmental potential of these materials. This review analyzes recent developments in biodegradable biomaterials for sustainable packaging, focusing on material classification, processing techniques, functional enhancements, and practical applications. It also outlines key challenges and regulatory considerations while highlighting future strategies including smart packaging and AI-driven design to improve scalability, safety, and circularity in biodegradable packaging systems.

KEYWORDS

1. Biodegradable biomaterials
2. Sustainable packaging
3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
4. Polylactic acid
5. Microplastic pollution