Meta-analysis of growth, reproductive, adaptive, and carcass quality traits in Kalahari red goats

The Kalahari Red goat is increasingly recognized as a climate-resilient meat genotype in South Africa; however, quantitative benchmarks of its performance remain fragmented across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized published evidence to generate pooled estimates of growth, reproductive, adaptive, and carcass traits, while quantifying inter-study heterogeneity and evaluating moderating factors. Following PRISMA guidelines, 24 peer-reviewed studies (~4,500 goats) published between 2000 and 2025 were included. Data was analyzed using a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model, with Hedges’ g applied where measurement scales differed. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q, I², and τ² statistics, and subgroup analyses were conducted by sex and production system. Pooled estimates indicated moderate birth weight (2.91 ± 0.15 kg), favourable weaning weight (16.57 ± 4.68 kg), and mature weight (57.31 ± 4.57 kg), reflecting efficient growth under diverse systems. Reproductive performance was robust, with age at first kidding averaging 15.51 ± 3.50 months and a kidding percentage of 180%, indicating high prolificacy. Adaptive indicators supported thermo-physiological stability in arid environments, while carcass traits, including dressing percentage (~50%) and protein content (3.3 ± 0.4 %), aligned with commercial chevon standards. Substantial heterogeneity (I² > 90%) highlighted environmental and management influences but did not negate consistent positive breed performance. Overall, the evidence confirms that the Kalahari Red goat integrates productivity and resilience, supporting its strategic role in climate-smart genetic improvement programs.