Emerging role of microbial geochemistry in subsurface carbon sequestration: A comprehensive review

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is vital for addressing the global challenge of climate change, driven by increasing carbon emissions. Among the emerging strategies, microbial communities are crucial in influencing geochemical processes relevant to CCS, such as mineralization and gas transformation. However, the specific dynamics and impacts of these microbial processes remain underexplored, highlighting a significant research gap. This review examines the role of microbial geochemistry in enhancing carbon sequestration mechanisms. It explores various microbial-induced processes, including microbial-induced carbonate precipitation, biofilm formation, and alterations in biogeochemical cycles that contribute to CO trapping. Case studies from geological formations illustrate the positive effects of microbial activity on CCS performance and the complexities involved in understanding these interactions. Key findings emphasize that microbial communities can enhance the efficiency of CO mineralization and influence the long-term stability of carbon storage through biogeochemical cycling. Furthermore, the review identifies challenges in studying microbial geochemistry, including difficulties in replicating subsurface conditions and limited knowledge of microbial population dynamics over time. In conclusion, understanding microbial contributions to CCS is critical for developing effective strategies to combat climate change. Interdisciplinary research integrating microbiology, geochemistry, and geophysics will be essential in unlocking the full potential of microbial processes for improving the stability and efficiency of carbon capture and storage technologies.