Biotechnological approaches to exploring autoimmune pathways in Neurological diseases: Current progress and future prospects

Neurological diseases that are among the most debilitating long-term afflictions affecting the nervous system include multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis (MG), neuromyelitis optical spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). Despite significant improvements in conventional immunosuppressive therapies, a significant portion of patients continue to experience severe long-term neurological and behavioral side effects and do not respond to treatment. Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant shift in the discovery and therapeutic targeting of autoimmune pathways due to biotechnological developments. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), CRISPR functional genomics screens, spatial transcriptomics, phage display technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analysis has significantly changed researchers' comprehension of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders. These research platforms are supported by innovative treatment strategies, including. CAR-T cell therapy, bispecific antibodies, next-generation checkpoint modulators, and tailored cytokine therapies that target pathogenic immune pathways. The state of biotechnological breakthroughs in autoimmune neurology is summarized in this comprehensive review, which looks at both therapeutic and discovery methods, highlights significant challenges, and outlines prospective future improvements that might significantly improve patient outcomes.