Immunogenic cell death and its emerging inducers: the next generation immunotherapy

Understanding immunogenic cell death (ICD) and its ability to trigger potent antitumor immune responses has revolutionized cancer treatment. Innovative approaches like oncolytic virotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and nanotechnology have remarkable potential in promoting ICD and enhancing the immune response against cancer. Combining these therapies with immunotherapies improves effectiveness and reduces side effects. ICD can be induced by various agents such as chemotherapeutic drugs, oncolytic viruses, and PDT, activating endoplasmic reticulum stress and generating reactive oxygen species. Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in drug delivery and enhancing ICD induction. These advancements offer a transformative era in cancer treatment, leveraging the immune system's power and promising improved patient outcomes in the fight against cancer.