Evaluating the toxicological impact of nanoparticles on the environment and human health

The development of nanotechnology has led to the massive production and application of nanoparticles across industrial, biomedical, and environmental sectors. Due to their physicochemical properties, like high surface area, reactivity, and nanoscale dimensions, nanoparticles show improved functional performance. But the release into the environment and human exposure has raised concerns regarding its toxicological impacts. This mini review aims to evaluate the toxicological effects of nanoparticles on both the environment and human health.

Nanoparticles enter the environment through industrial discharge, consumer products, and waste streams, leading to their addition in air, water, and soil systems. Human exposure occurs primarily by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, causing distribution and cellular interactions. Nanoparticle-induced toxicity is associated with oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, and genotoxic effects, which disturb cellular homeostasis and biological pathways. Environmental impacts include adverse effects on aquatic organisms, soil microbiota, and plant systems, with bioaccumulation and trophic transfer.

Despite research, lack of standardized toxicity assessment protocols, variability in experimental models, and challenges in nanoparticle characterization and environmental quantification remains. This mini review mentions the urgent requirement for universal methodologies, improved analytical techniques, and sustainable nanomaterials to regulate potential risks.