Applications of lasers and advanced technologies in periodontics, caries removal, and soft tissue surgery: A comprehensive review

Laser technology has emerged as an important advancement in contemporary dentistry, enabling minimally invasive approaches for the management of periodontal diseases, dental caries, and various oral soft-tissue conditions. Over the past two decades, multiple laser systems including diode, CO₂, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and Nd:YAG have been integrated into dental practice because of their ability to provide precise tissue removal, effective bacterial reduction, and improved postoperative outcomes. Despite increasing clinical adoption, the literature presents variations in reported clinical efficiency, treatment protocols, and long-term outcomes, indicating the need for a comprehensive synthesis of available evidence. The objective of this review is to evaluate the applications of lasers and emerging technological advancements in periodontics, caries removal, and soft tissue oral surgeries, while examining the biological mechanisms, clinical advantages, and limitations. Procedures such as laser-assisted periodontal therapy, gingival depigmentation, caries excavation, and soft-tissue surgical interventions including frenectomy and gingivectomy are studied predominantly. This review analyses findings from peer-reviewed clinical studies, systematic reviews, and experimental investigations published in recent years. The analysis presents that laser-assisted therapy can improve haemostasis, reduce postoperative discomfort, and enhance patient acceptance compared with conventional mechanical approaches. However, variability in clinical protocols, equipment costs, and the requirement for specialized training remain important barriers to widespread usage. Emerging technologies such as photodynamic therapy, artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostics, and laser-guided regenerative procedures indicate a growing integration of advanced technologies in dental practice. Continued clinical research and technological refinement are essential to establish standardized protocols and optimize the long-term therapeutic potential of laser-assisted dental treatments.