Elmugheira Mockarram Ibrahim Mohammed 1,2
Species richness and diversity are key indicators of ecosystem resilience and sustainability. However, identifying vulnerable and rare tree species in a particular environment can effectively guide its sustainable management and restoration plans. Therefore, this study explored the conservation trends of tree species in Okalma Natural Reserved Forest based on their importance value index and regeneration status. The study used a systematic sampling design, by which the Okalma forest was divided into 11 transects and each transect was further subdivided into sample plots. The seedlings, saplings, and mature trees were identified and measured in 84 sample plots of 1000 m2, which were systematically distributed across the study area. Based on the species regeneration pattern and importance value index, the study classified the tree species of Okalma forest into rare, vulnerable, in-between, subdominant, and dominant species. The mean density of dominant tree seedlings was six times equal to vulnerable ones with significant differences (F4, 83 = 144.7 and P <0.01). While 10% of the identified tree species displayed a good regeneration pattern, 55% and 20% showed none and poor regeneration, respectively. However, the conservation trends show that 60% of Okalma tree species were rare, with no regeneration and limited relative frequency. These results highlighted the signs of biodiversity decline due to anthropogenic pressure and high consumption rates, which calls for conservation measures and restoration plans. The study recommends the introduction of community forests outside the reserve and intensive extension programs.
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This study examines tree species diversity and the challenges associated with adopting farm-based agroforestry in Makwanpur Gadhi Rural Municipality, Nepal. Data were gathered through 330 household surveys, Five Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and 27 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The data were analyzed using MS Excel, with thematic analysis, and results were presented in tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. Challenges were ranked using the relative threats and challenge ranking method. A total of 73 tree species were identified, categorized into Timber and Fuelwood (18 species), Fodder (14 species), Edible and Fruit (25 species), Medicinal (10 species), Religious and Ornamental (5 species), and Hedge (1 species). Preferred species included Shorea robusta (Sal) for timber, Ficus semicordata (Dhungre) for fodder, and Mangifera indica (Mango) for fruit. The Shannon-Wiener Index yielded a diversity score of 1.905, with an evenness index of 0.215, indicating a relatively high species diversity but uneven distribution dominated by a few species. Farm-based agroforestry practices were found to positively influence biodiversity, enhance soil quality, and diversify farmers' incomes, reducing dependence on forest resources and supporting sustainable land use. However, several challenges, such as crop raiding by wildlife, irrigation issues, and limited access to quality seedlings, hinder widespread adoption. To address these barriers, the study recommends implementing community-based initiatives, government subsidies, and capacity-building programs for farmers. These measures are expected to enhance farm-based agroforestry adoption, improving forest health, ecosystem stability, and rural livelihoods. This study highlights the potential of farm-based agroforestry to promote both environmental conservation and socio-economic resilience in the region.
