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This study examines tree species diversity and the challenges associated with adopting farm-based agroforestry in Makwanpur Gadhi Rural Municipality, Nepal. Data were gathered through 330 household surveys, Five Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and 27 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The data were analyzed using MS Excel, with thematic analysis, and results were presented in tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. Challenges were ranked using the relative threats and challenge ranking method. A total of 73 tree species were identified, categorized into Timber and Fuelwood (18 species), Fodder (14 species), Edible and Fruit (25 species), Medicinal (10 species), Religious and Ornamental (5 species), and Hedge (1 species). Preferred species included Shorea robusta (Sal) for timber, Ficus semicordata (Dhungre) for fodder, and Mangifera indica (Mango) for fruit. The Shannon-Wiener Index yielded a diversity score of 1.905, with an evenness index of 0.215, indicating a relatively high species diversity but uneven distribution dominated by a few species. Farm-based agroforestry practices were found to positively influence biodiversity, enhance soil quality, and diversify farmers' incomes, reducing dependence on forest resources and supporting sustainable land use. However, several challenges, such as crop raiding by wildlife, irrigation issues, and limited access to quality seedlings, hinder widespread adoption. To address these barriers, the study recommends implementing community-based initiatives, government subsidies, and capacity-building programs for farmers. These measures are expected to enhance farm-based agroforestry adoption, improving forest health, ecosystem stability, and rural livelihoods. This study highlights the potential of farm-based agroforestry to promote both environmental conservation and socio-economic resilience in the region.
